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Industrial batteries. Features summary.

Chapter 2 - Industrial Battery Types

IMPORTANT NOTE:  To download this chapter in pdf, please visit our Frequently Asked Questions section where you can find it.   https://www.norwatt.es/biblioteca.html

Note: To read Chapter 1, please visit: https://www.norwatt.es/noticia-industrial-batteries--features-summary---chapter-1---acronyms-es.html

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For the industrial use, the most common battery types available are:

2.1    Lead-acid batteries: Can be Floode####sealed:

Lead-acid battery was invented in 1859 by Gaston Plante and was the first rechargeable battery, and it’s the more used worldwide even actually.

Typical uses:

• In short discharge: start of thermal engines.
• In charge discharge cycles: motive power.
• In long discharges: Communication applications.

PbO2 + 2H2SO4 + 2e- → 2H2O + PbSO4 + SO42-

Pb + SO42- → PbSO4 + 2e-

Positive cathode: PbO2

Negative Anode: Pb

Electrolyte: Diluted H2SO4

Lead-acid batteries are composed of a Lead-dioxide cathode, a sponge metallic Lead anode and a Sulphuric acid solution electrolyte.

Main advantages:

• Low-cost
• Simple manufacture
• Low cost per watt-hour
• High specific power, capable of high discharge currents
• Good performance at low and high temperatures
• Most mature technology
• High recovery value.

Main disadvantages:

• Weight (with some exceptions were the weight can be useful)
• Sudden blackout possibility
• Low energy density per unit mass
• Slow charging: Fully saturated charge takes 14–16 hours
• Need for storage in charged condition to prevent sulphating.
• Watering requirement for flooded type
• Environmental impact
• Lead pollution risks in the industrial chain.
• Short cycle life

2.2    NiCd batteries: Only flooded

Nickel Cadmium battery was invented in 1899 by Waldemar Jungner.

Typical uses:

In short discharge: start of thermal engines

In long discharges: Rectifiers or back up applications: UPS, substations, railway, planes.

Cd + 2NiOOH + 2 H2O 2Ni(OH)+ Cd(OH)2

Positive cathode: NiOOH

Negative Anode: Cd

Electrolyte: KOH

These type of batteries use nickel hydroxide Ni(OH)2 for the cathode, cadmium Cd for the anode and an alkaline potassium hydroxide for the electrolyte.

Main advantages:

• Economically priced per cycle
• Long life
• High resistance to abuse
• Long shelf life; can be stored in a discharged state, needing priming before use
• Wide range of operation temperature
• Good low-temperature performance
• Availability in a wide range of sizes and performance options
• Reliable chemistry

Main disadvantages:

• Low in energy density per unit mass
• Cadmium is a toxic metal; cannot be disposed of in landfills
• High self-discharge; needs recharging after storage
• Low cell voltage of 1.20 V
• Memory effect
• Environmentally unfriendly

2.3    Nickel–Metal Hydride (Ni–MH) Battery

Development was sponsored by Mercedes and Volkswagen for use in EV.

The Ni–MH Battery for EV, HEV or satellite applications (initially).

NiOOH + MH Ni(OH)2 + M

Positive cathode: Ni(OH)2 

Negative Anode: MH

Electrolyte: KOH

These cells use nickel hydroxide Ni(OH)2 for the cathode. Hydrogen is used as the active element in a hydrogen-absorbing anode.

Main advantages:

• Good energy density.
• Simplified incorporation into products currently using nickel–cadmium batteries because of the many design similarities between both.
• Greater service advantage over other primary battery
• Greater service advantage at extreme low-temperature operation (–20°C)

Main disadvantages:

• Limited service life
• Limited discharge current: repeated discharge with high load currents reduces the battery’s cycle life.
• Need for a more complex charge algorithm
• Generates more heat Than NiCd during charge
• High self-discharge

Please, continue reading this article here:

https://www.norwatt.es/archivos/filemanager/2020/06/15_loywrbs11f_Chapter_2_para_FAQ.pdf

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